Chapter 2 Software Concepts

Questions & Answers on Software Concepts

Chapter 2

Q.1. What are various categories of software ?
Ans. They are broadly classified into two categories
(i) System Software : This type of software controls internal computer operations. The
system software can be further classified in two categories
a) Operating System : An Operating system is a set of programs which act as a interface
between a user and hardware
b) Language Processors : This program is responsible for converting a HLL code into
machine understandable code.
(ii) Application Software :An Application software is a set of programs

Q.2. What are various types of Operating System ?
Ans. The Operating system are mainly following types :
(i) Single Program OS : As the name suggest this OS is single user operating system, so
only one user program can be supported and executed by it


(ii) Multiprogram OS : Unlike single program OS, this is multiuser OS. It supports
multiprogramming i.e., more than one user can be supported by it, therefore more than one
user programs are loaded and active in main memory at a time


(iii) Time sharing OS : This OS uses time sharing techniques. Each active use is given a fair
share of CPUY time. If the time elapses or an I/O operation is requested, CPU shifts over
to the next job waiting and the previous program is put to wait


(iv) Real time OS: In this OS the jobs have fixed deadlines and the jobs have to be completed
within fixed deadlines. The System performance is measured by its ability to complete its
jobs within the specified deadlines.


(v) Multiprocessing OS : This OS is capable of handling more than one processors as the
jobs have to be executed on more than one processor.

Q.3. What is fragmentation? How does it affect computers performance?
Ans. Fragmentation means files stored in fragmented storage blocks. That is when files are not stored in
contiguous storage areas rather their contents are scattered over the disk it is known as
fragmentation.
High fragmentation slows down a computer as the computer has to perform more read/ write
operations.

Q.4. What is application software ? Why are its types?
Ans. Application Software: An application software is the set of programs necessary to carry out
operations for a specified application. These are the programs written by programmers to enable
computer to perform a specific tasks such as processing word, inventory controls, handling
calculation and figures, medical accounting, financial accounting, result preparation, railway
reservation, billing etc.
Application Software Types:


Packages: General application software’s are known as Packages.


Utilities: They are those applications programs that assist the computer by performing
housekeeping functions like baking up disk or scanning / cleaning viruses or arranging information
etc.


Customised Software: This type of software istailor-made software to a user’s requirements. The
type of software is developed to meet all the requirements specified by the user.

Q.5. Define the following.
a. Spam b. Malware c. Phishing d. Firewall e. Digital Signature f. Digital Certificate


Ans. Spam : Email spam, also known as junk email or unsolicited bulk email (UBE), is a subset of
electronic spam involving nearly identical messages sent to numerous recipients by email. Clicking
on links in spam email may send users to phishing web sites or sites that are hosting malware.
Spam email may also include malware as scripts or other executable file attachments. Definitions
of spam usually include the aspects that email is unsolicited and sent in bulk.


Malware : Malware, short for malicious software, is software used or created to disrupt computer
operation, gather sensitive information, or gain access to private computer systems. It can appear
in the form of code, scripts, active content, and other software


Phishing : Phishing is attempting to acquire information (and sometimes, indirectly, money) such as
usernames, passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic
communication


Firewall : A firewall can either be software-based or hardware-based and is used to help keep a
network secure. Its primary objective is to control the incoming and outgoing network traffic by
analyzing the data packets and determining whether it should be allowed through or not, based on
a predetermined rule set.


Digital Signature : A digital signature or digital signature scheme is a mathematical scheme for
demonstrating the authenticity of a digital message or document. A valid digital signature gives a
recipient reason to believe that the message was created by a known sender, and that it was not
altered in transit. Digital signatures are commonly used for software distribution, financial
transactions, and in other cases where it is important to detect forgery or tampering.


Digital Certificate : A digital certificate is an electronic "credit card" that establishes your credentials
when doing business or other transactions on the Web. It is issued by a certification authority (CA). It
contains your name, a serial number, expiration dates, a copy of the certificate holder's public key (used for
encrypting messages and digital signatures), and the digital signature of the certificate-issuing authority so
that a recipient can verify that the certificate is real

Q.6. What do you understand by IDE ?
Ans. IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment. It is an application program consisting of
different development tools needed for developing and application

Q.7. What is DBMS ? How it is useful
Ans. DBMS stands for Data Base Management System. It is a software that can handle and manage
bulk of stored data in the form of tables and records.

Q.8. What is DTP Software ? Give an example of DSTP Software.
Ans. DTP stands for Desk Top Publishing. It is a software that handles page layouts by combining the
functions of traditional typesetter and a layout artist. Example is Corel Draw, Page Maker etc.

Chapter 1 Hardware Concepts

Chapter 1

Questions & Answers on Hardware Concepts

1. What are Input devices for PDA’s, Smart Phones and Tablet PC’s ?

Ans. A Primary Input device for a PDA is a basic stylus. Some PDAs have a built in keyboard or

support voice input. You can attach a full sized portable keyboard to a PDA. Smart phones

include PDA capabilities, onput devices used with PDAs usually are available for smart phones.

The Primary input for a Tablet PC is a digital pen, with which you can write on the device screen.

2. What are various Biometric Devices ?

Ans. A Biometric device translates a personal characteristic into digital code that is compared with a

digital code stored in the computer to identify an individual. A Fingerprint scanner captures curves

and indentations of a fingerprint. A face recognition system captures a live face image. A hand

geometry system measures the shape and size of hand. A voice verification system compares live

speech with a stored voice pattern. A signature verification system recognizes the shape of a

signature.

3. Recognize the four categories of Output

Ans. Output is a data that has been processed into a useful form. Four categories of output are text,

graphics, audio and video

4. How is compiler different from interpreter ?

Ans. A Compiler converts the source code(HLL) into object code (MLL) in one go and reports all the

errors along with their line numbers.

An interpreter converts source code into object code line by line and executes it there and then. It

does not shift to the next line if a line contains errors.

5. What are the differences between hardware, software and firmware ?

Ans. Hawdware are the physical tangible components of a computer system.

Software are the computer programs that govern the operation of a computer System

Firmware are the prewritten programs permanently stored in read-only memory

6. Give examples of each system software and application software. Explain the function of each

type.

Ans. Examples of System software are : (i) Operating System (ii) Language processors (iii) Application

software

Examples of Operating system are : Single User, Multiuser, Batch Processing, Multiprocessing etc

As the name suggest single user OS supports single user whereas multiuser OS can support multi

users. The batchprocessing OS processes the batch of jobs(one at a time) and multiprocessing OS

is capable of handling multiple CPUs at the same time

Examples of Language processors are (i) Interpreter (ii) Compiler (iii) Assembler

An interpreter converts source code into object code line by line and excutes it there and then. It

does not shift to the next line if a line contains errors.

A Compiler converts the source code(HLL) into object code (MLL) in one go and reports all the

errors along with their line numbers.

Examples of application software are : (i) Customised software (ii) General Software

7. What are the types of computers? How do they differ

Ans. There are three types of computers (i) Digital (ii) Analog (iii) Hybrid

Digital Computers deal with discrete quantities

Analog computers del with physical quantities

Hybrid computers combine the characteristics of analog and digital computers

8. Name the super computers developed in India.

Ans. PARAM, PACE, EKA

9. What are the major strength and weaknesses of a computer ?

Ans. Strength : 1. Speed 2. Accuracy 3. Reliability 4. High storage 5. Versatility

Weaknesses : 1. Lack of decision making 2. Zero IQ

10. Why is binary language often termed as machine language ? Why is machine language needed?

Ans. A Computer works on Binary numbers which are in the form of 0’s and 1’s. Thus it needs a

language that uses unique symbols to represent these two states. Therefor a computer works on

machine language. The Binary language if often termed as machine language as it fulfills the

condition of using two unique symbols.

11. What is MICR? Where it is mostly used?

Ans. MICR stands for Magnetic Ink Character Reader. This device can read human readable characters

that are prinited using a special magnetic ink. The MICS is mostly used in banks.

12. What is the difference between OCR and OMR ?

Ans. An OCR (Optical Character Reader) is used to read characters of special type font that are printed

on paper or it is a scanned document

On the other hand an OMR (Optical Mark Reader) is used to transcribe marks that are marked with

a drak pencil or ink on a special preprinted form (answer sheet of multiple choice question paper

where choice of the answer is reflected by shading the correct box)

13. What are the two categories of printers ? Which type of printer is more speedy

Ans. The printers can be classified in two categories

1. Impact Printers : In these type of printers, there is a physical connection between the paper and

the print head. They are (i) Line Printer (ii) Dot Matrix Printer (iii) Daisy Wheel Printer

2. Non Impact Printer : In these types, there is no physical connection between the paper and the

print head. The printing takes place with some electromagnetic, thermal, laser techniques.

The Non Impact printers are more speedy than Impact printers

14. What is the difference between RAM and ROM ?

Ans. RAM stand for Random Access Memory where both read and write operation can take place, but

this is volatile memory; its contents are lost when power is turned off

ROM stands for Read Only Memory where only read operation can take place. This is a non

volatile memory

Both RAM and ROM are the parts of primary memory

15. What does a Bus mean ?

Ans. A Bus is a group of conducting lines that carries data, address and control signals between a CPU

and memory

16. What is Port? Name some port types

Ans. Port is a point on a computer having circuitry to allow connection of external devices with computer.

Ports are of various types

Serial Port, Parallel Port, InfraRed Port, Phone Port, USB Port, AGP Port, Network Port

17. Can you pick the one that offers maximum read speed along with maximum capacity ?

Memory stick ProDuo, SD Card, MMC Plus, Smart Media Card

Ans. Out of these Memory stick ProDuo offers maximum read speed along with maximum capacity

18. Write the full forms of the following terms VDU, LCD, DMP, CRT, CD-RW, DVD

Ans. VDU – Visual Display Unit

LCD – Liquid Crystal Display

DMP – Dot Matrix Printer

CRT – Cathode Ray Tube

CD-RW – Compact Disk Read/Write

DVD – Digital Video Disk

MySQL Revision CBSE Questions

Class XI C (Informatics Practices)

MySql Revision

Consider a database LOANS with the following table:

Table: Loan_Accounts

AccNo	Cust_Name	Loan_Amount	Instalments	Int_Rate	Start_Date	Interest
1	R.K. Gupta	300000	36	12.00	19-07-2009
2	S.P. Sharma	500000	48	10.00	22-03-2008
3	K.P. Jain	300000	36	NULL	08-03-2007
4	M.P. Yadav	800000	60	10.00	06-12-2008
5	S.P. Sinha	200000	36	12.50	03-01-2010
6	P. Sharma	700000	60	12.50	05-06-2008
7	K.S. Dhall	500000	48	NULL	05-03-2008

Write SQL commands for the tasks 1 to 35 and write the output for the SQL commands 36

to 40:

Create Database and use it

1. Create the database LOANS.

2. Use the database LOANS.

Create Table / Insert Into

3. Create the table Loan_Accounts and insert tuples in it.

Simple Select

4. Display the details of all the loans.

5. Display the AccNo, Cust_Name, and Loan_Amount of all the loans.

Conditional Select using Where Clause

6. Display the details of all the loans with less than 40 instalments.

7. Display the AccNo and Loan_Amount of all the loans started before 01-04-2009.

8. Display the Int_Rate of all the loans started after 01-04-2009.

MySQL - REVISION TOUR

Using NULL

9. Display the details of all the loans whose rate of interest is NULL.

10. Display the details of all the loans whose rate of interest is not NULL.

Using DISTINCT Clause

11. Display the amounts of various loans from the table Loan_Accounts. A loan amount

should appear only once.

12. Display the number of instalments of various loans from the table Loan_Accounts. An

instalment should appear only once..

Using Logical Operators (NOT, AND, OR)

13. Display the details of all the loans started after 31-12-2008 for which the number of

instalments are more than 36.

14. Display the Cust_Name and Loan_Amount for all the loans which do not have number

of instalments 36.

15. Display the Cust_Name and Loan_Amount for all the loans for which the loan amount

is less than 500000 or int_rate is more than 12.

16. Display the details of all the loans which started in the year 2009.

17. Display the details of all the loans whose Loan_Amount is in the range 400000 to

500000.

18. Display the details of all the loans whose rate of interest is in the range 11% to 12%.

Using IN Operator

19. Display the Cust_Name and Loan_Amount for all the loans for which the number of

instalments are 24, 36, or 48. (Using IN operator)

Using BETWEEN Operator

20. Display the details of all the loans whose Loan_Amount is in the range 400000 to

500000. (Using BETWEEN operator)

21. Display the details of all the loans whose rate of interest is in the range 11% to 12%.

(Using BETWEEN operator)

268

MySQL - REVISION TOUR

Using LIKE Operator

22. Display the AccNo, Cust_Name, and Loan_Amount for all the loans for which the

Cust_Name ends with 'Sharma'.

23. Display the AccNo, Cust_Name, and Loan_Amount for all the loans for which the

Cust_Name ends with 'a'.

24. Display the AccNo, Cust_Name, and Loan_Amount for all the loans for which the

Cust_Name contains 'a'

25. Display the AccNo, Cust_Name, and Loan_Amount for all the loans for which the

Cust_Name does not contain 'P'.

26. Display the AccNo, Cust_Name, and Loan_Amount for all the loans for which the

Cust_Name contains 'a' as the second last character.

Using ORDER BY clause

27. Display the details of all the loans in the ascending order of their Loan_Amount.

28. Display the details of all the loans in the descending order of their Start_Date.

29. Display the details of all the loans in the ascending order of their Loan_Amount and

within Loan_Amount in the descending order of their Start_Date.

Using UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER TABLE

30. Put the interest rate 11.50% for all the loans for which interest rate is NULL.

31. Increase the interest rate by 0.5% for all the loans for which the loan amount is more

than 400000.

32. For each loan replace Interest with (Loan_Amount*Int_Rate*Instalments) 12*100.

33. Delete the records of all the loans whose start date is before 2007.

34. Delete the records of all the loans of 'K.P. Jain'

35. Add another column Category of type CHAR(1) in the Loan table.

269

MySQL - REVISION TOUR

Find the Output of the following queries

36. SELECT cust_name, LENGTH(Cust_Name), LCASE(Cust_Name), UCASE(Cust_Name)

FROM Loan_Accounts WHERE Int_Rate < 11.00;

37. SELECT LEFT(Cust_Name, 3), Right(Cust_Name, 3), SUBSTR(Cust_Name, 1, 3) FROM

Loan_Accounts WHERE Int_Rate > 10.00;

38. SELECT RIGHT(Cust_Name, 3), SUBSTR(Cust_Name, 5) FROM Loan_Accounts;

39. SELECT DAYNAME(Start_Date) FROM Loan_Accounts;

40. SELECT ROUND(Int_Rate*110/100, 2) FROM Loan_Account WHERE Int_Rate > 10;

Write the output produced by the following SQL commands:

41. SELECT POW(4,3), POW(3,4);

42. SELECT ROUND(543.5694,2), ROUND(543.5694), ROUND(543.5694,-1);

43. SELECT TRUNCATE(543.5694,2), TRUNCATE(543.5694,-1);

44. SELECT LENGTH("Prof. M. L. Sharma");

45. SELECT CONCAT("SHEIKH", " HAROON") "FULL NAME";

46. SELECT YEAR(CURDATE()), MONTH(CURDATE()), DAY(CURDATE());

47. SELECT DAYOFYEAR(CURDATE()), DAYOFMONTH(CURDATE()),

DAYNAME(CURDATE());

48. SELECT LEFT("Unicode",3), RIGHT("Unicode",4);

49. SELECT INSTR("UNICODE","CO"), INSTR("UNICODE","CD");

50. SELECT MID("Informatics",3,4), SUBSTR("Practices",3);